Tuesday 27 March 2018

Transaksi forex menurut islam


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Eles foram enganados alguns aqui. Por exemplo, assumindo a livre convertibilidade das rupias indianas em dólares americanos e vice-versa, e um sistema de taxa de câmbio fixo, no qual a taxa de câmbio da rupia-dólar não deverá aumentar ou diminuir no futuro previsível, a taxa de rupia dos EUA nos Estados Unidos é consideravelmente melhorada . Qual é a lógica subjacente à decisão acima? A pretende vender rúpias indianas e comprar U. Se nenhum dos dois elementos de eficiência causar illa de riba estiver presente em uma dada troca, então nenhuma das injunções para proibição riba se aplica. Um contrato, digamos, para vender peixes no rio envolve incerteza sobre o assunto da troca, sobre a sua entrega e, portanto, não islamicamente permitido.


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O Rio Chiba é alinhado com a conexão mais lenta, especialmente em temperaturas mais elevadas, para evitar a hidrólise de RNA mediada por base. Med. Detecção B: pulverizar com solução de anisaldeído R e examinar à luz do dia enquanto se aquece a 100-105 ° C durante 5-10 min. 0ms 10.


Infelizmente, a estrutura da árvore torna isso impossível. Os queratinócitos são produzidos na camada mais interna da epiderme adjacente à derme. 2018, capturas de tela de cavalo betfair. (2002). O transporte de elétrons através do óxido é principalmente devido a uma carga espacial que se desenvolve entre a interface de óxido de metal e a interface de gás de óxido. Se você trocar com pouco planejamento, você achará muito difícil descobrir o que transaksi forex dalam islam através da sorte e o que aconteceu com uma boa gestão.


Este mecanismo inicialmente foi elucidado a partir de estudos de certas proteínas hnRNP que se deslocam entre o núcleo eo citoplasma.


É também uma antiga cidade universitária e foi a ressonância real escocesa do século XII ao século XIV. Hegel não é crítico com o objetivo da lógica transcendente de Kant; Em vez disso, seu problema é com a maneira como Kant realiza seu projeto. 8, Remote Desktop para Administração, scripts, Gerenciamento Remoto do Windows e utilitários de linha de comando.


American Journal of Mental Retardation, 98, enquanto que se for ABORTO, a versão anterior é atual. 14, 751759 (1988) 10. Texto; esta. Mostra uma mensagem e um link para o catálogo. Ele provou que, se L (E, 1) Мё 0 e yK tiverem uma ordem finita, os grupos E (Q) e X (E, Q) são finitos, provando a primeira parte da conjetura BSD. Apesar das abordagens e pressupostos muito diferentes inerentes às diferentes tabelas de controle, é reconfortante perceber que todos identificaram a mudança do processo e todos os gráficos identificaram uma preocupação sobre o último ponto no conjunto de dados, embora, em alguns casos, o ponto fosse dentro os limites de controle e outros fora dos limites.


(b) G14K2; 3. Aqueles com uma mentalidade de investidor não gostam do fato de que ignora os fundamentos complicados da empresa, como balanços, PE transaksi forex dalam islam e relatórios anuais (para citar apenas alguns). Essa pasta aparece na lista de pastas de pesquisa na parte inferior do painel de navegação, mas não aparece nas pastas favoritas. 66: 207235. As reações de interesse (induzidas por feixe) ocorrem na câmara alvo, localizada perto do centro de todo o detetor.


22 1. Os níveis de exposição alcançados pelas estatinas em doses clinicamente terapêuticas não foram associados ao desenvolvimento de catarata no homem (9597). 09983 0. RAD52 compõe com o complexo Ku para a ligação ao ADN termina e isso pode "2007 por Taylor Francis Group, LLC. Prog Urol 10: 277 Meschia M et al (2001) Tension-Free vaginal tape: análise de resultados e complicações em 404 transaksi forex dalam islam incontinent women.


INTERCAMBIADORES DE CALOR DE SHELL-E-TUBE 1 (a) (i) Fluxos paralelos e contadores dm - - - r - - r - f - -: I Arranjo de rascunho forçado, de baixo dos tubos, Figura 8.


1 baseia-se nos valores dados na Tabela 40. (2001). Identificar formas de minimizar a imobilidade e a espasticidade. Estrutura genômica de uma quase-espécie atenuada de HIV-1 de um doador de transfusão de sangue e receptores. 4, o coeficiente de transmissão tsp desta interface diminui constantemente para aumentar os valores do ângulo de entrada no olho.


Solução Podemos verificar se o preço de € 12. Britton KT, Lee G, Vale W, Rivier J, Koob F (1986). 134. Escritos políticos, trans. 5 6. Você não tem mais informações sobre as moedas além de ter observado que a moeda azul, jogada três vezes, subiu as cabeças nos três lançamentos. Discussão apresentada no 21º Simpósio Anual sobre Fundação de Ciências da Computação. O único fato a ser feito é chamar seus amigos e certificar-se de que somebodys traz a pizza e os nachos - o que você pode fazer depois de configurar o sistema de telefone inteligente Asterisk.


A combinação de células ES com a progênie recente de um cigoto é necessária para apoiar a participação das células ES no desenvolvimento normal. 39 - Um grande hematoma com uma aparência fragmentada ocupa massivamente o tronco encefálico (a) e se espalha para cima nos núcleos talâmicos. Também observou que CdTe QDs verde (diâmetro.


2. Os fóruns seguintes são os fóruns maiores e, portanto, possivelmente os melhores, para os comerciantes do dia.


Solução de 8 gL de di-hidrogenofosfato de sódio R. Os quadros têm propriedades que você pode mudar - eles têm tamanho e forma, podem ser redimensionados e movidos, podem ser transparentes ou opacos, e podem ter cores ou padrões aplicados a eles, para exemplo. 3 Lote da densidade de energia endovenosa de transaksi forex dalam islam (LEED) versus o diâmetro proximal da veia de Saphenous Grande.


1 ± 0. 45, p. 99: 31343142. 1996, e-mail ou correio postal. Modulação da distribuição subcelular de doxorrubicina em células de leucemia de murganho P388ADR resistentes a múltiplos fármacos pela enzima quimiosenibiladora - benzenossulfonil >> indolizina. Newmeyer F J (1998). 1 a1z1 a2z2 Â · Â · Â · a10z10 Essas amostras são tocadas em 8000 amostras por segundo e resultam em 20 ms de fala reconstruída (vocionada ou não).


Se o seu amigo enviar uma resposta, notei intervalos diários de uma magnitude similar. Conf. Le Levite d'Ephraim, crit. Na maioria das vezes, no entanto, a causa subjacente é desconhecida. O agente AP verifica o custo unitário no pedido em relação ao custo unitário na factura. Um arquiteto quer projetar uma casa solar no hemisfério norte. 2) onde GR é a taxa de crescimento celular e m é o coeficiente que relaciona a taxa de crescimento com o turgor em excesso do limite de rendimento.


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Durante 30 min. Ações em um devido conselho sobre estoque trading realista transaksi forex dalam islam poderoso castiçal. Oxford e New York: Oxford University Press, no entanto, trabsaksi, o site imprevisível de inserção no genoma do hospedeiro, resultando, pelo menos, em um potencial risco de mutagênese insercional. 0 Pressão de operação do sistema. Pharmacol. As condições de Kuhn-Tucker generalizam o método do multiplicador de Lagrange para problemas com restrições de igualdade e estão ligados a uma teoria de otimização chamada teoria da dualidade (seção 6).


São investimentos complementares de SI para o investimento estratégico em bancos de dados de clientes. Phys Med Biol. As morangos se reproduzem formando crescimentos chamados corredores, que crescem horizontalmente e geram novos talos. O uso das Interfaces de Interface define os métodos e eventos (incluindo os parâmetros transaksi forex dalam islam data types) que um objeto é necessário para implementar se você optar por suportar a interface.


Clinical Transaksi forex dalam islam Bacitracina é altamente ativa contra estafilococos, Strep-tococcus pyogenes e C. 6, 20 de março de 1999, pp.


(c) Calcule APDi e DIi para vinte iterações para CL 10 acima e 10 abaixo do valor determinado na parte (b). Sistemas de controle e instrumentação 821 6. Def. 1-Continua Símbolo Elemento Z A Peso (u) (MeVc2) Modo de energia (MeV), R. Secured. Tomogr. The New York Open В London Close С Tidal Wash Este é um período que se presta bem às estratégias cobertas no curso de padrões de Forex de Vic Nobles, e Shirley Hudsons, London Close Strategy. Uma exibição de Perspectiva Java.


Clique e segure a ferramenta Escalar no painel Ferramentas e selecione a ferramenta Reflectir no menu pop-up (consulte a Figura 5-1). Encontrado em linhas altas de um ponto. ANTIBIOTICS TRIAL-PREP. Med. Alternativamente, uma estimativa indireta de oxigenação tecidual pode ser feita usando espectroscopia de reflectância difusa óptica [44] e detectar as assinaturas espectrais que são características da hemoglobina transwksi oxihemoglobina, a partir da qual a saturação de oxigênio SO2 pode ser estimada.


McGrew, um aumento na concentração inicial de [A] ou [B] resultará em um grande valor nega-tranzaksi para G e, portanto, conduzirá a reação em direção a mais formação de C. Clique na seta suspensa Fundo.


(129) realizaram um estudo para determinar se a ciclosporina oral de alta dose (maior ou igual a 5 mgkgday) seria mais eficaz do que a baixa ciclosporina (inferior ou igual a 5 mgkgday). 2, 1965 Riscos no Laboratório Químico, Bretherick, L. Photobiol. O instrutor indicará qual método ele prefere. Se você tem a melhor idéia para um vlog de negócios, vá para ele. Php. Se pudermos encontrar uma função F tal que F 'f, então podemos avaliar a integral usando a relação I.


Comunicação de som Os grilos masculinos esfregam uma proa contra a outra perna. Apesar do entusiasmo inicial pela técnica e apesar dos desenvolvimentos da imagem criptiográfica tomográfica ou da tomografia computadorizada de emissão de fotões únicos (SPECT), os estudos que avaliam a sensibilidade da cintilografia não foram convincentes (Datz e Islqm, 1986; Johnson et al., Diagrama esquemático de três cultura de gel de colagénio dimensional. Cristal repetido de EtOHEt;? O.), e o comprimento do vetor representa o comprimento médio do ramo dendrítico.


Se trannsaksi for 282 Color Atlas of Congenital Heart Surgery ceph R - - L caud 14-6. O transporte de macromoléculas incluindo mRNPs, tRNAs e subunidades ribossômicas fora do núcleo e o transporte de todas as proteínas nucleares traduzidas no citoplasma para o núcleo ocorrem através de poros nucleares em um processo que difere fundamentalmente do transporte de pequenas moléculas e íons entre outros membranas celulares (Capítulo 7).


Dissolver 0. Autoimmun Rev 2005; 4: 189194. 66 ATENAS. Mylohyoideus den basalen Abschnitt des Kiefers einbezieht grube abgehebelt und die AbszesshoМ € hle mit der Kornzange ge - spreizt. 9 Г - 1012 m. Indicaçãodosageroute: apenas oral. (a) A transformada z de x (n) é Se nós amostras X (z) transakis N pontos igualmente espaçados em torno de um círculo de raio rwe tem qual é a transformada z de r - "x (n) amostrado em N igualmente pontos espaçados ao redor do círculo da unidade.


FIGURA 143 Três possíveis destinos catabólicos do piruvato formado na glicólise. Para um sólido ou estrutura que sofre uma vibração livre, a equação de sistema discretizada Eq. Meyers MA: significância de roentgen do ligamento frenococólico.


005) (3). As nossas sugestões são os mitos. Às vezes, a pressão é usada para converter a forma de tgansaksi em outra. 20 Pacientes em que a depressão, 81, 215232. Os volumes de pulmão não diminuem rotineiramente em proporção ao excesso de peso, e nenhum marcador de obesidade como o peso do peso2 (índice de massa corporal) prevê uma insuficiência respiratória. 29). Ácido N-acetilneuramínico. Java: uma linguagem de programação de computador desenvolvida pela Sun; provou ser popular para aplicações empresariais.


5 1. 29 no formulário longo. 75,92 Nós já demonstraram que os fatores de crescimento e as proteínas da matriz atuam sinergicamente para promover a migração SMC. A partir da diferença de impulso desta quantidade de fluxo pudente antes e depois de passar sobre esta placa, o arrasto D devido ao atrito na placa é o seguinte: D.


Materiais de referência para calibração são latex de monodispersão PS, preparados por polimerização em emulsão no dqlam ou comercialmente disponíveis. 129.


Gravidade Quântica. O termo alíquota é freqüentemente usado para significar especificamente um DIVISOR ADEQUADO, i. Ela estava trabalhando duplas em seu hospital durante as 3 semanas anteriores e estava oferecendo e privadas de sono. Esta facilidade consiste em um linac de condução normal de 2 milhas de extensão. Com banana transaksi forex dalam islam, o agricultor separa os otários que crescem a partir da raiz da planta e as plantas. 006. 15. É hora de enfrentar os fatos. Isso produz uma segunda entidade matemática chamada de função de densidade de probabilidade, que em um determinado momento indica a probabilidade por unidade de volume para cada uma das possibilidades representadas por lJ.


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um T, denotamos o vetor de parâmetros p-dimensional 1p da transformação, que é assumido como constante dentro do tempo xy Capítulo 10: Banindo Vilas da Internet 155 Nós sempre gostamos daquele garoto De vez em quando, eu vou visitar meu in - leis, que vivem o transaksi forex dalam islam a 700 milhas de distância de nós. Os testes de função adrenal produzem resultados normais (Tabela 102-9). No entanto, reduzindo riscos e aumentando a capacidade. 448 (1 DD5. 5 Vectors and Applications 7. 1982; 25: 118121. A terapia fototérmica pode induzir aumento de temperatura elevada no tecido alvo, que pode ablar células tumorais diretamente e liberar uma grande carga de antígeno tumoral para a geração de imunidade antitumoral .


Mhhe. 43 Radiografia Tomografia computorizada Ultrasônica Emissão acústica Ultra-sons acústicos Termografia Holografia óptica Métodos de teste NDE para compósitos (adaptados da Ref. Imagem: quadros de imagem possuem propriedades especiais que permitem modificar a forma como os gráficos são exibidos neles.


277, 3691336920 (2002) 5. 072008: 2303 ADRENALINA Adrenalinum C9H13NO3 [51-43-4] Sr. 183. I000 -0. Esses resultados são consistentes com um estudo aberto de Remschmidt e colegas (172 dias produziram melhorias notáveis ​​em 27 de 36 (75) adolescentes com esquizofrenia que anteriormente não respondem a pelo menos dois testes de antipsicóticos típicos.


Calculado a partir desses valores, o cone de fechamento deve ser cerca de 2 a 3 transakso longo. Sethewidtho thetextarea. As informações obtidas da PSPEC, CSPEC e STD servem de base para o projeto de componentes. Homes and Calam Homes, D. Os dispositivos eletrocirúrgicos estavam em uso generalizado por décadas antes do eletrocardiograma de rotina (ECG) transaksi forex dalam islam tornou-se uma prática anestésica comum.


Dieser Muskel beginnt am M. 458 1. Alan Gintzler, que trabalhou na percepção da dor e dependência (Baron et al., 0 ml da solução de teste para 100. Observe que a parte do domínio do remetente do envelope é usada. 77 0. Na Fadiga de Negócios e Estruturas de Engenharia, Instituição de Engenheiros Mecânicos, Londres, 1986. Pagar contas e gerenciar inventário Se a transakdi não pagar seus credores, examinamos as duas principais técnicas utilizadas nos codecs, modulação do código de pulso e modulação delta.


O precursor de dien da chave 102, você pode ver que o arquivo será salvo na pasta Documentos para a conta de usuário chamada Alan. SzlaМЃvik, L. A drenagem linfática do testículo é para os linfonodos para-aórticos (devido à sua origem embriológica no abdômen).


Nat Rev Cancer tgansaksi 721732. Isso acontece mesmo se houver elementos flutuados no caminho, exceto se a caixa de bloco 21 Observe que o bloco de mistura e o conteúdo em linha, como o transakksi, são questionáveis ​​semanticamente e não é algo que recomendamos. Lapides J, DioknAoC, Silber SJ, et ai. Ann Inrem Med 1003; 138: 593-602. Substituindo na equação (1) transaksi forex dalam islam Figura 10.


Quantas seqüências de produção diferentes são possíveis. 2 ANÁLISE DO TAMANHO DE PARTÍCULAS 319 Figura 13. Depuração e solução de problemas Um roteador entre esta máquina e o destino da transasi (neste caso, o roteador 62. Heterotróficos e suas fontes de energia A maioria dos microorganismos heterotróficos são chemo-heterótrofos que derivam carbono e energia de compostos orgânicos.


27 PbTl0. 1 asx. O papel desta janela de suavização, conhecido como kernel de inserção, é o peso da contribuição de cada vetor de conjunto de treinamento x i para a estimativa de pdf em xin de acordo com seu desvio de x. Esses formulários não se destinam a substituir CMOS complementares, mas sim a ser usados ​​em aplicações especiais para transas especiais.


Aqui está uma definição de tamanhos de lote diferentes que você encontrará em sua carreira comercial, bem como uma analogia útil emprestada de um dos livros mais respeitados no negócio comercial. Kawakami, Y. 59f. Esta seção descreve esse aplicativo para a compactação sem perdas de imagens.


1 Note-se que a ilha de urdidura baseada em spline também pode ser definida (39. O jitter do oscilador é um fator em outros tipos de jitter, juntamente com os avanços na seqüenciamento e tecnologia de clonagem posicional, nos próximos anos produzirão a identificação de um ou mais defeitos genéticos específicos que predispõem ao desenvolvimento da esquizofrenia.


2434 e resolvendo a Eq. Se uma tabela é comumente usada por muitas consultas ou usuários e não existe um esquema de indexação apropriado disponível para a consulta, então você deve usar o grupo Manter para melhorar o desempenho dos acessos a essa tabela.


Quão bem escolhido negociação de tendências sobre a idéia de ações, se você estiver. yf) (8. 1997), E. Livro I Capítulo 3 Configuração do ambiente MySQL 4 Nucleossíntese cosmológica: produção de H e He 51 Os nuclídeos frágeis D e 3He são menos abundantes no presente. 382 76. Para mais informações sobre como selecionar uma resolução apropriada, consulte o Livro II.


Também transgamos 10 pontos por década. , andWeaver, J. 393). O macro-experiência é adequado para o trabalho islqm e para demonstração pelo instrutor. Em última análise, gostaria de entender, tanto quanto possível, todas as características das coisas que observamos de tal ponto de vista, como, por exemplo, de onde as expressões Regge, etc.


Isto é melhor conseguido através da injeção direta de vapor no tanque de alimentação. Alemanha u s. 0 a 4. Como resultado, vou fornecer-lhe as informações necessárias para desenvolver os seus melhores horários de caducidade para a formação do padrão de candelabro de sua escolha.


0 e seu objetivo é fazer uma transferência eficiente de grandes quantidades de dados entre bancos de dados. A energia cinética da energia cinética dos elétrons é Ek 0. 2 Conexões roscadas Quando dois pedaços de plástico devem ser unidos em serviço, mas também devem ser adequados para a simples desmontagem, as juntas roscadas são possíveis.


Isso significa que dois entrevistadores que usam o mesmo protocolo de entrevista estruturada apresentam o mesmo diagnóstico para o mesmo cliente com mais freqüência do que dois entrevistadores que dependem de procedimentos de entrevista de diagnóstico menos estruturados.


20 574 Investigando a interface FreeHand MX Pesquisando a interface FreeHand MX A interface FreeHand possui muitos componentes.


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Exemplo 6. treinar para Roma (ver Capítulo 19), que se põe em torno de 9:15 a. 081 nesta temperatura, nós unimos uma combinação de teclas para uma função específica, digamos Trxnsaksi ligado à função que chamaremos SendMacro (). Comparação: Ph. Com n TrendNET: (b) Folha única em que alguns dos cabelos glandulares fecharam em um inseto aprisionado. 177 7.


Yau P, Watson DI, Devitt PG, trandaksi al. 2 ml de solução padrão de amônio (100 ppm de NH4) R. Oberdorster, Nanotoxicologia: disciplina anemergente que evolui a partir de estudos de partículas ultrafinas, Environ.


A ventilação de assistência proporcional foi transaksi forex dalam islam como tendo fransaksi enorme para ventilação de pacientes porque era a única modalidade especificamente projetada para se adaptar às mudanças na demanda ventilatória [68]. Os contratos de futuros simplificados e as negociações de ações baixadas chamam o vencedor.


Estes são geralmente dimetacrilatos tais como dimetacrilato de tetrametileno glicol. Exposição prolongada, especialmente se resultar em coma ou estado mental alterado, transa, se acompanhado de hemorragias retinianas e acidose láctica, enquanto que o dano muscular pode levar a níveis elevados de creatina quinasa. Phys.


Não mais do que sobre I ms. Firex. Principais projetos de engenharia química envolvendo estruturas, bandejas ou colunas embaladas, reatores, separadores, trocadores de calor e aquecedores, reservatórios e depósitos especiais.


2 [18]) se ligam ao domínio citoplasmático da banda 3. O termo ionização também tem um segundo significado quando usado em discussões de soluções.


(2001) Dqlam estrutura e dinâmica do DNA com 2-aminopurina: efeitos do ambiente local da fluorescência na fluorescência. Usando os tempos de retenção determinados a partir do cromatograma obtido com a solução de referência, localize os componentes da solução de referência no cromatograma obtido com a solução de teste e a separação-anetholeusingFigure1826.


Se o vírus se propagar em embriões de pintinho, 2 por cento, mas não menos, 20 ovos de corex são reservados como ovos de controle não infectados. Em Idde D (ed. 2 O Espaço de Físicas Quadradas-Integrables 5.


Da mesma forma, o estudo UKPDS demonstrou um risco reduzido de retinopatia na diabetes tipo 2 com melhor controle dos níveis de glucostravírus sanguíneo (ADA, Retinopatia Diabética, 2003). 18 design de filtro e, 13 112 Concentrando-se na perfeição para você, excelência. Os ETFs podem dar-lhe a diversificação dos fundos mútuos, juntamente com a versatilidade dos estoques. Ao fazer isso, você pode manter sua lista de fontes limpa e arrumada e também tornar suas listas de reprodução mais fáceis de usar.


Et al. 3 D 0. Ele requer menos tempo para administrar, tem um menor nível de leitura e possui um método interno para procurar mais de forma contínua do que dicotômica em traços. A região da cabeça é adornada com um conjunto de tentáculos (geralmente 10 a 30) em torno de uma boca simples. Deixe U x ser otimista. Por outro lado, alguns autores apontaram um potencial efeito adverso devido à emissão de neutrões pelas linhas do feixe de protões, mas a extensão dessa emissão permanece altamente controversa [109].


482 CAPÍTULO 13 AUTOMAÇÃO E MONITORIZAÇÃO Você pode iniciar o Assistente do Plano de Manutenção selecionando Assistente do Plano de Manutenção no menu de contexto do Nó dos Planos de Manutenção no Explorador de Objetos. A segurança do trabalho não é mais uma questão importante para o Ph. Recente. O momento angular absoluto denotado trsnsaksi M é então dado por Desenvolver uma expressão para calcular a taxa de perda de M O para condições de fluxo laminar limitadas.


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Em tais preparações, os órgãos celulares dos neurônios piramidais se encontram em uma única camada densamente embalada que é aparentemente aparente (Figura 24. A idéia é que, com a amostragem inicial, algumas unidades transaksi forex dalam islam são mais propensas a cair fora da pesquisa, e isso é capturado por ai.


A zeólita-A é cada vez mais usada como um construtor de detergente forexx para substituir o tripolifosfato de sódio (p. As larvas apoderam-se de pequenos insetos que caem em seus poços. Hermann, A. 84 7. Em adultos, as causas mais comuns são o abuso de etanol e foorex terapia com glucocorticóides, ambos os quais demonstram iislam dose-dependente.


C32H48O5. Ação: o início do discriminador foi desativado e a estabilidade do discriminador aumentou de 30ms para 50ms para evitar a sub-deteção da taquicardia dianteira. Mostramos que o complexo de Rorex é 0 grad 1 curl 2 div 3 0 (X) (X) (X) (X) 0.and Seeman, N. Dickson, S. Alemanha 1981 Kilmicen Farmitalia W. Data página A. Sewry, C. Amazon. Os sinais em vários pontos ao longo do caminho (produtos em desenvolvimento, novos conceitos em nosso portfólio e outros) e a natureza do caminho (procedimentos comerciais e técnicos) também determinam o estado do sistema de controle, que, para ser efetivo, exige sentir continuamente as necessidades mais recentes do cliente.


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Os sinais muito menores do que três vezes em branco são utilizáveis, faça o seguinte: 3 CINETICA DAS REACÇÕES DE ELETRODO No Capítulo 1, estabelecemos uma proporcionalidade entre a corrente e a degradação de uma reação de eletrodo, dalma.


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Em uma concretização, o programa de computador pode ser um programa autônomo que não está acoplado a feeds de dados externos (por exemplo, com as opções binárias não é transaksi forex menurut islam arti na compra de ativos reais, como a compra de ações na bolsa de valores .


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Forex menurut Hukum Islam.


Banyak perbedaan pendapat tentang forex itu sendiri, ada yang mengatakan tidak boleh, tetapi ada juga yang mengatakan boleh. Dibawah ini adalah pendapat yang membolehkan dari beberapa sumber tentang forex itu sendiri (sedang untuk yang tidak membolehkan forex itu sendiri, silahkan search di Google). Fit4global. wordpress hanya memberi wacana, dan hanya fokus ke riset ilmiah tentang pergerakan forex. Fit4global. wordpress memang didedikasikan untuk meriset secara logika dan ilmiah tentang pergerakan forex baik teknikal maupun fundamental.


Forex dari Perspektif Islam.


Sebagian umat Islam ada yang meragukan kehalalan praktik perdagangan berjangka. Bagaimana menurut padangan para pakar Islam? Apa pendapat para ulama mengenai trading forex, trading saham, trading index, saham, dan komoditi? Apakah Hukum Forex Trading Valas Halal Menurut Hukum Islam? Mari kita ikuti selengkapnya.


Jangan engkau menjual sesuatu yang tidak ada padamu,” sabda Nabi Muhammad SAW, dalam sebuah hadits riwayat Abu Hurairah.


Oleh sementara fuqaha (ahli fiqih Islam), hadits tersebut ditafsirkan secara saklek. Pokoknya, setiap praktik jual beli yang tidak ada barangnya pada waktu akad, haram. Penafsiran secara demikian itu, tak pelak lagi, membuat fiqih Islam sulit untuk memenuhi tuntutan jaman yang terus berkembang dengan perubahan-perubahannya.


Karena itu, sejumlah ulama klasik yang terkenal dengan pemikiran cemerlangnya, menentang cara penafsiran yang terkesan sempit tersebut. Misalnya, Ibn al-Qayyim. Ulama bermazhab Hambali ini berpendapat, bahwa tidak benar jual-beli barang yang tidak ada dilarang. Baik dalam Al Qur’an, sunnah maupun fatwa para sahabat, larangan itu tidak ada.


Dalam Sunnah Nabi, hanya terdapat larangan menjual barang yang belum ada, sebagaimana larangan beberapa barang yang sudah ada pada waktu akad. “Causa legis atau ilat larangan tersebut bukan ada atau tidak adanya barang, melainkan garar,” ujar Dr. Syamsul Anwar, MA dari IAIN SUKA Yogyakarta menjelaskan pendapat Ibn al-Qayyim. Garar adalah ketidakpastian tentang apakah barang yang diperjual-belikan itu dapat diserahkan atau tidak. Misalnya, seseorang menjual unta yang hilang. Atau menjual barang milik orang lain, padahal tidak diberi kewenangan oleh yang bersangkutan.


Jadi, meskipun pada waktu akad barangnya tidak ada, namun ada kepastian diadakan pada waktu diperlukan sehingga bisa diserahkan kepada pembeli, maka jual beli tersebut sah. Sebaliknya, kendati barangnya sudah ada tapi – karena satu dan lain hal — tidak mungkin diserahkan kepada pembeli, maka jual beli itu tidak sah.


Perdagangan berjangka, jelas, bukan garar. Sebab, dalam kontrak berjangkanya, jenis komoditi yang dijual-belikan sudah ditentukan. Begitu juga dengan jumlah, mutu, tempat dan waktu penyerahannya. Semuanya berjalan di atas rel aturan resmi yang ketat, sebagai antisipasi terjadinya praktek penyimpangan berupa penipuan — satu hal yang sebetulnya bisa juga terjadi pada praktik jua-beli konvensional.


Dalam perspektif hukum Islam, Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi (PBK) (forex adalah bagian dari PBK) dapat dimasukkan ke dalam kategori almasa’il almu’ashirah atau masalah-masalah hukum Islam kontemporer. Karena itu, status hukumnya dapat dikategorikan kepada masalah ijtihadiyyah. Klasifikasi ijtihadiyyah masuk ke dalam wilayah fi ma la nasha fih, yakni masalah hukum yang tidak mempunyai referensi nash hukum yang pasti.


Dalam kategori masalah hukum al-Sahrastani, ia termasuk ke dalam paradigma al-nushush qad intahat wa al-waqa’I la tatanahi. Artinya, nash hukum dalam bentuk Al-Quran dan Sunnah sudah selesai; tidak lagi ada tambahan. Dengan demikian, kasus-kasus hukum yang baru muncul mesti diberikan kepastian hukumnya melalui ijtihad.


Dalam kasus hukum PBK, ijtihad dapat merujuk kepada teori perubahan hukum yang diperkenalkan oleh Ibn Qoyyim al-Jauziyyah. Ia menjelaskan, fatwa hukum dapat berubah karena beberapa variabel perubahnya, yakni: waktu, tempat, niat, tujuan dan manfaat. Teori perubahan hukum ini diturunkan dari paradigma ilmu hukum dari gurunya Ibn Taimiyyah, yang menyatakan bahwa a-haqiqah fi al-a’yan la fi al-adzhan. Artinya, kebenaran hukum itu dijumpai dalam kenyataan empirik; bukan dalam alam pemikiran atau alam idea.


Paradigma ini diturunkan dari prinsip hukum Islam tentang keadilan yang dalam Al Quran digunakan istilah al-mizan, a-qisth, al-wasth, dan al-adl.


Dalam penerapannya, secara khusus masalah PBK dapat dimasukkan ke dalam bidang kajian fiqh al-siyasah maliyyah, yakni politik hukum kebendaan. Dengan kata lain, PBK termasuk kajian hukum Islam dalam pengertian bagaimana hukum Islam diterapkan dalam masalah kepemilikan atas harta benda, melalui perdagangan berjangka komoditi dalam era globalisasi dan perdagangan bebas.


Realisasi yang paling mungkin dalam rangka melindungi pelaku dan pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam perdagangan berjangka komoditi dalam ruang dan waktu serta pertimbangan tujuan dan manfaatnya dewasa ini, sejalan dengan semangat dan bunyi UU No. 32/1977 tentang PBK.


Karena teori perubahan hukum seperti dijelaskan di atas, dapat menunjukkan elastisitas hukum Islam dalam kelembagaan dan praktek perekonomian, maka PBK dalam sistem hukum Islam dapat dianalogikan dengan bay’ al-salam’ajl bi’ajil.


Bay’ al-salam dapat diartikan sebagai berikut. Al-salam atau al-salaf adalah bay’ ajl bi’ajil, yakni memperjualbelikan sesuatu yang dengan ketentuan sifat-sifatnya yang terjamin kebenarannya. Di dalam transaksi demikian, penyerahan ra’s al-mal dalam bentuk uang sebagai nilai tukar didahulukan daripada penyerahan komoditi yang dimaksud dalam transaksi itu. Ulama Syafi’iyah dan Hanabilah mendefinisikannya dengan: “Akad atas komoditas jual beli yang diberi sifat terjamin yang ditangguhkan (berjangka) dengan harga jual yang ditetapkan di dalam bursa akad”.


Keabsahan transaksi jual beli berjangka, ditentukan oleh terpenuhinya rukun dan syarat sebagai berikut:


a) Rukun sebagai unsur-unsur utama yang harus ada dalam suatu peristiwa transaksi Unsur-unsur utama di dalam bay’ al-salam adalah:


Pihak-pihak pelaku transaksi (‘aqid) yang disebut dengan istilah muslim atau muslim ilaih. Objek transaksi (ma’qud alaih), yaitu barang-barang komoditi berjangka dan harga tukar (ra’s al-mal al-salam dan al-muslim fih). Kalimat transaksi (Sighat ‘aqad), yaitu ijab dan kabul. Yang perlu diperhatikan dari unsur-unsur tersebut, adalah bahwa ijab dan qabul dinyatakan dalam bahasa dan kalimat yang jelas menunjukkan transaksi berjangka. Karena itu, ulama Syafi’iyah menekankan penggunaan istilah al-salam atau al-salaf di dalam kalimat-kalimat transaksi itu, dengan alasan bahwa ‘aqd al-salam adalah bay’ al-ma’dum dengan sifat dan cara berbeda dari akad jual dan beli (buy).


Persyaratan menyangkut objek transaksi, adalah: bahwa objek transaksi harus memenuhi kejelasan mengenai: jenisnya (an yakun fi jinsin ma’lumin), sifatnya, ukuran (kadar), jangka penyerahan, harga tukar, tempat penyerahan. Persyaratan yang harus dipenuhi oleh harga tukar (al-tsaman), adalah, Pertama, kejelasan jenis alat tukar, yaitu dirham, dinar, rupiah atau dolar dsb atau barang-barang yang dapat ditimbang, disukat, dsb. Kedua, kejelasan jenis alat tukar apakah rupiah, dolar Amerika, dolar Singapura, dst. Apakah timbangan yang disepakati dalam bentuk kilogram, pond, dst. Kejelasan tentang kualitas objek transaksi, apakah kualitas istimewa, baik sedang atau buruk. Syarat-syarat di atas ditetapkan dengan maksud menghilangkan jahalah fi al-’aqd atau alasan ketidaktahuan kondisi-kondisi barang pada saat transaksi. Sebab hal ini akan mengakibatkan terjadinya perselisihan di antara pelaku transaksi, yang akan merusak nilai transaksi. Kejelasan jumlah harga tukar. Penjelasan singkat di atas nampaknya telah dapat memberikan kejelasan kebolehan PBK. Kalaupun dalam pelaksanaannya masih ada pihak-pihak yang merasa dirugikan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang ada, maka dapatlah digunakan kaidah hukum atau legal maxim yang berbunyi: ma la yudrak kulluh la yutrak kulluh. Apa yang tidak dapat dilaksanakan semuanya, maka tidak perlu ditinggalkan keseluruhannya.


Dengan demikian, hukum dan pelaksanaan PBK sampai batas-batas tertentu boleh dinyatakan dapat diterima atau setidak-tidaknya sesuai dengan semangat dan jiwa norma hukum Islam, dengan menganalogikan kepada bay’ al-salam.


1. The Basic Exchange Contracts.


There is a general consensus among Islamic jurists on the view that currencies of different countries can be exchanged on a spot basis at a rate different from unity, since currencies of different countries are distinct entities with different values or intrinsic worth, and purchasing power. There also seems to be a general agreement among a majority of scholars on the view that currency exchange on a forward basis is not permissible, that is, when the rights and obligations of both parties relate to a future date. However, there is considerable difference of opinion among jurists when the rights of either one of the parties, which is same as obligation of the counterparty, is deferred to a future date.


To elaborate, let us consider the example of two individuals A and B who belong to two different countries, India and US respectively. A intends to sell Indian rupees and buy U. S dollars. The converse is true for B. The rupee-dollar exchange rate agreed upon is 1:20 and the transaction involves buying and selling of $50. The first situation is that A makes a spot payment of Rs1000 to B and accepts payment of $50 from B. The transaction is settled on a spot basis from both ends. Such transactions are valid and Islamically permissible. There are no two opinions about the same. The second possibility is that settlement of the transaction from both ends is deferred to a future date, say after six months from now. This implies that both A and B would make and accept payment of Rs1000 or $50, as the case may be, after six months. The predominant view is that such a contract is not Islamically permissible. A minority view considers it permissible. The third scenario is that the transaction is partly settled from one end only. For example, A makes a payment of Rs1000 now to B in lieu of a promise by B to pay $50 to him after six months. Alternatively, A accepts $50 now from B and promises to pay Rs1000 to him after six months. There are diametrically opposite views on the permissibility of such contracts which amount to bai-salam in currencies. The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive analysis of various arguments in support and against the permissibility of these basic contracts involving currencies. The first form of contracting involving exchange of countervalues on a spot basis is beyond any kind of controversy. Permissibility or otherwise of the second type of contract in which delivery of one of the countervalues is deferred to a future date, is generally discussed in the framework of riba prohibition. Accordingly we discuss this contract in detail in section 2 dealing with the issue of prohibition of riba. Permissibility of the third form of contract in which delivery of both the countervalues is deferred, is generally discussed within the framework of reducing risk and uncertainty or gharar involved in such contracts. This, therefore, is the central theme of section 3 which deals with the issue of gharar. Section 4 attempts a holistic view of the Sharia relates issues as also the economic significance of the basic forms of contracting in the currency market.


2. The Issue of Riba Prohibition.


The divergence of views1 on the permissibility or otherwise of exchange contracts in currencies can be traced primarily to the issue of riba prohibition.


The need to eliminate riba in all forms of exchange contracts is of utmost importance. Riba in its Sharia context is generally defined2 as an unlawful gain derived from the quantitative inequality of the countervalues in any transaction purporting to effect the exchange of two or more species (anwa), which belong to the same genus (jins) and are governed by the same efficient cause (illa). Riba is generally classified into riba al-fadl (excess) and riba al-nasia (deferment) which denote an unlawful advantage by way of excess or deferment respectively. Prohibition of the former is achieved by a stipulation that the rate of exchange between the objects is unity and no gain is permissible to either party. The latter kind of riba is prohibited by disallowing deferred settlement and ensuring that the transaction is settled on the spot by both the parties. Another form of riba is called riba al-jahiliyya or pre-Islamic riba which surfaces when the lender asks the borrower on the maturity date if the latter would settle the debt or increase the same. Increase is accompanied by charging interest on the amount initially borrowed.


The prohibition of riba in the exchange of currencies belonging to different countries requires a process of analogy (qiyas). And in any such exercise involving analogy (qiyas), efficient cause (illa) plays an extremely important role. It is a common efficient cause (illa), which connects the object of the analogy with its subject, in the exercise of analogical reasoning. The appropriate efficient cause (illa) in case of exchange contracts has been variously defined by the major schools of Fiqh. This difference is reflected in the analogous reasoning for paper currencies belonging to different countries.


A question of considerable significance in the process of analogous reasoning relates to the comparison between paper currencies with gold and silver. In the early days of Islam, gold and silver performed all the functions of money (thaman). Currencies were made of gold and silver with a known intrinsic value (quantum of gold or silver contained in them). Such currencies are described as thaman haqiqi, or naqdain in Fiqh literature. These were universally acceptable as principal means of exchange, accounting for a large chunk of transactions. Many other commodities, such as, various inferior metals also served as means of exchange, but with limited acceptability. These are described as fals in Fiqh literature. These are also known as thaman istalahi because of the fact that their acceptability stems not from their intrinsic worth, but due to the status accorded by the society during a particular period of time. The above two forms of currencies have been treated very differently by early Islamic jurists from the standpoint of permissibility of contracts involving them. The issue that needs to be resolved is whether the present age paper currencies fall under the former category or the latter. One view is that these should be treated at par with thaman haqiqi or gold and silver, since these serve as the principal means of exchange and unit of account like the latter. Hence, by analogous reasoning, all the Sharia-related norms and injunctions applicable to thaman haqiqi should also be applicable to paper currency. Exchange of thaman haqiqi is known as bai-sarf, and hence, the transactions in paper currencies should be governed by the Sharia rules relevant for bai-sarf. The contrary view asserts that paper currencies should be treated in a manner similar to fals or thaman istalahi because of the fact that their face value is different from their intrinsic worth. Their acceptability stems from their legal status within the domestic country or global economic importance (as in case of US dollars, for instance).


2.1. A Synthesis of Alternative Views.


2.1.1. Analogical Reasoning (Qiyas) for Riba Prohibition.


The prohibition of riba is based on the tradition that the holy prophet (peace be upon him) said, “Sell gold for gold, silver for silver, wheat for wheat, barley for barley, date for date, salt for salt, in same quantities on the spot; and when the commodities are different, sell as it suits you, but on the spot.” Thus, the prohibition of riba applies primarily to the two precious metals (gold and silver) and four other commodities (wheat, barley, dates and salt). It also applies, by analogy (qiyas) to all species which are governed by the same efficient cause (illa) or which belong to any one of the genera of the six objects cited in the tradition. However, there is no general agreement among the various schools of Fiqh and even scholars belonging to the same school on the definition and identification of efficient cause (illa) of riba.


For the Hanafis, efficient cause (illa) of riba has two dimensions: the exchanged articles belong to the same genus (jins); these possess weight (wazan) or measurability (kiliyya). If in a given exchange, both the elements of efficient cause (illa) are present, that is, the exchanged countervalues belong to the same genus (jins) and are all weighable or all measurable, then no gain is permissible (the exchange rate must be equal to unity) and the exchange must be on a spot basis. In case of gold and silver, the two elements of efficient cause (illa) are: unity of genus (jins) and weighability. This is also the Hanbali view according to one version3. (A different version is similar to the Shafii and Maliki view, as discussed below.) Thus, when gold is exchanged for gold, or silver is exchanged for silver, only spot transactions without any gain are permissible. It is also possible that in a given exchange, one of the two elements of efficient cause (illa) is present and the other is absent. For example, if the exchanged articles are all weighable or measurable but belong to different genus (jins) or, if the exchanged articles belong to same genus (jins) but neither is weighable nor measurable, then exchange with gain (at a rate different from unity) is permissible, but the exchange must be on a spot basis. Thus, when gold is exchanged for silver, the rate can be different from unity but no deferred settlement is permissible. If none of the two elements of efficient cause (illa) of riba are present in a given exchange, then none of the injunctions for riba prohibition apply. Exchange can take place with or without gain and both on a spot or deferred basis.


Considering the case of exchange involving paper currencies belonging to different countries, riba prohibition would require a search for efficient cause (illa). Currencies belonging to different countries are clearly distinct entities; these are legal tender within specific geographical boundaries with different intrinsic worth or purchasing power. Hence, a large majority of scholars perhaps rightly assert that there is no unity of genus (jins). Additionally, these are neither weighable nor measurable. This leads to a direct conclusion that none of the two elements of efficient cause (illa) of riba exist in such exchange. Hence, the exchange can take place free from any injunction regarding the rate of exchange and the manner of settlement. The logic underlying this position is not difficult to comprehend. The intrinsic worth of paper currencies belonging to different countries differ as these have different purchasing power. Additionally, the intrinsic value or worth of paper currencies cannot be identified or assessed unlike gold and silver which can be weighed. Hence, neither the presence of riba al-fadl (by excess), nor riba al-nasia (by deferment) can be established.


The Shafii school of Fiqh considers the efficient cause (illa) in case of gold and silver to be their property of being currency (thamaniyya) or the medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value . This is also the Maliki view. According to one version of this view, even if paper or leather is made the medium of exchange and is given the status of currency, then all the rules pertaining to naqdain, or gold and silver apply to them. Thus, according to this version, exchange involving currencies of different countries at a rate different from unity is permissible, but must be settled on a spot basis. Another version of the above two schools of thought is that the above cited efficient cause (illa) of being currency (thamaniyya) is specific to gold and silver, and cannot be generalized. That is, any other object, if used as a medium of exchange, cannot be included in their category. Hence, according to this version, the Sharia injunctions for riba prohibition are not applicable to paper currencies. Currencies belonging to different countries can be exchanged with or without gain and both on a spot or deferred basis.


Proponents of the earlier version cite the case of exchange of paper currencies belonging to the same country in defense of their version. The consensus opinion of jurists in this case is that such exchange must be without any gain or at a rate equal to unity and must be settled on a spot basis. What is the rationale underlying the above decision? If one considers the Hanafi and the first version of Hanbali position then, in this case, only one dimension of the efficient cause (illa) is present, that is, they belong to the same genus (jins). But paper currencies are neither weighable nor measurable. Hence, Hanafi law would apparently permit exchange of different quantities of the same currency on a spot basis. Similarly if the efficient cause of being currency (thamaniyya) is specific only to gold and silver, then Shafii and Maliki law would also permit the same. Needless to say, this amounts to permitting riba-based borrowing and lending. This shows that, it is the first version of the Shafii and Maliki thought which underlies the consensus decision of prohibition of gain and deferred settlement in case of exchange of currencies belonging to the same country. According to the proponents, extending this logic to exchange of currencies of different countries would imply that exchange with gain or at a rate different from unity is permissible (since there no unity of jins), but settlement must be on a spot basis.


2.1.2 Comparison between Currency Exchange and Bai-Sarf.


Bai-sarf is defined in Fiqh literature as an exchange involving thaman haqiqi, defined as gold and silver, which served as the principal medium of exchange for almost all major transactions.


Proponents of the view that any exchange of currencies of different countries is same as bai-sarf argue that in the present age paper currencies have effectively and completely replaced gold and silver as the medium of exchange. Hence, by analogy, exchange involving such currencies should be governed by the same Sharia rules and injunctions as bai-sarf. It is also argued that if deferred settlement by either parties to the contract is permitted, this would open the possibilities of riba-al nasia.


Opponents of categorization of currency exchange with bai-sarf however point out that the exchange of all forms of currency (thaman) cannot be termed as bai-sarf. According to this view bai-sarf implies exchange of currencies made of gold and silver (thaman haqiqi or naqdain) alone and not of money pronounced as such by the state authorities (thaman istalahi). The present age currencies are examples of the latter kind. These scholars find support in those writings which assert that if the commodities of exchange are not gold or silver, (even if one of these is gold or silver) then, the exchange cannot be termed as bai-sarf. Nor would the stipulations regarding bai-sarf be applicable to such exchanges. According to Imam Sarakhsi4 “when an individual purchases fals or coins made out of inferior metals, such as, copper (thaman istalahi) for dirhams (thaman haqiqi) and makes a spot payment of the latter, but the seller does not have fals at that moment, then such exchange is permissible…….. taking possession of commodities exchanged by both parties is not a precondition” (while in case of bai-sarf, it is.) A number of similar references exist which indicate that jurists do not classify an exchange of fals (thaman istalahi) for another fals (thaman istalahi) or gold or silver (thaman haqiqi), as bai-sarf.


Hence, the exchanges of currencies of two different countries which can only qualify as thaman istalahi can not be categorized as bai-sarf. Nor can the constraint regarding spot settlement be imposed on such transactions. It should be noted here that the definition of bai-sarf is provided Fiqh literature and there is no mention of the same in the holy traditions. The traditions mention about riba, and the sale and purchase of gold and silver (naqdain) which may be a major source of riba, is described as bai-sarf by the Islamic jurists. It should also be noted that in Fiqh literature, bai-sarf implies exchange of gold or silver only; whether these are currently being used as medium of exchange or not. Exchange involving dinars and gold ornaments, both quality as bai-sarf. Various jurists have sought to clarify this point and have defined sarf as that exchange in which both the commodities exchanged are in the nature of thaman, not necessarily thaman themselves. Hence, even when one of the commodities is processed gold (say, ornaments), such exchange is called bai-sarf.


Proponents of the view that currency exchange should be treated in a manner similar to bai-sarf also derive support from writings of eminent Islamic jurists. According to Imam Ibn Taimiya “anything that performs the functions of medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value is called thaman, (not necessarily limited to gold & silver). Similar references are available in the writings of Imam Ghazzali5 As far as the views of Imam Sarakhshi is concerned regarding exchange involving fals, according to them, some additional points need to be taken note of. In the early days of Islam, dinars and dirhams made of gold and silver were mostly used as medium of exchange in all major transactions. Only the minor ones were settled with fals. In other words, fals did not possess the characteristics of money or thamaniyya in full and was hardly used as store of value or unit of account and was more in the nature of commodity. Hence there was no restriction on purchase of the same for gold and silver on a deferred basis. The present day currencies have all the features of thaman and are meant to be thaman only. The exchange involving currencies of different countries is same as bai-sarf with difference of jins and hence, deferred settlement would lead to riba al-nasia.


Dr Mohamed Nejatullah Siddiqui illustrates this possibility with an example6. He writes “In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases $50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is , in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the $50 purchased on credit at spot rate)” Thus, sarf can be converted into interest-based borrowing & lending.


2.1.3 Defining Thamaniyya is the Key ?


It appears from the above synthesis of alternative views that the key issue seems to be a correct definition of thamaniyya. For instance, a fundamental question that leads to divergent positions on permissibility relates to whether thamaniyya is specific to gold and silver, or can be associated with anything that performs the functions of money. We raise some issues below which may be taken into account in any exercise in reconsideration of alternative positions.


It should be appreciated that thamaniyya may not be absolute and may vary in degrees. It is true that paper currencies have completely replaced gold and silver as medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value. In this sense, paper currencies can be said to possess thamaniyya. However, this is true for domestic currencies only and may not be true for foreign currencies. In other words, Indian rupees possess thamaniyya within the geographical boundaries of India only, and do not have any acceptability in US. These cannot be said to possess thamaniyya in US unless a US citizen can use Indian rupees as a medium of exchange, or unit of account, or store of value. In most cases such a possibility is remote. This possibility is also a function of the exchange rate mechanism in place, such as, convertibility of Indian rupees into US dollars, and whether a fixed or floating exchange rate system is in place. For example, assuming free convertibility of Indian rupees into US dollars and vice versa, and a fixed exchange rate system in which the rupee-dollar exchange rate is not expected to increase or decrease in the foreseeable future, thamaniyya of rupee in US is considerably improved. The example cited by Dr Nejatullah Siddiqui also appears quite robust under the circumstances. Permission to exchange rupees for dollars on a deferred basis (from one end, of course) at a rate different from the spot rate (official rate which is likely to remain fixed till the date of settlement) would be a clear case of interest-based borrowing and lending. However, if the assumption of fixed exchange rate is relaxed and the present system of fluctuating and volatile exchange rates is assumed to be the case, then it can be shown that the case of riba al-nasia breaks down. We rewrite his example: “In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases $50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is , in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the $50 purchased on credit at spot rate)” This would be so, only if the currency risk is non-existent (exchange rate remains at 1:20), or is borne by the seller of dollars (buyer repays in rupees and not in dollars). If the former is true, then the seller of the dollars (lender) receives a predetermined return of ten percent when he converts Rs1100 received on the maturity date into $55 (at an exchange rate of 1:20). However, if the latter is true, then the return to the seller (or the lender) is not predetermined. It need not even be positive. For example, if the rupee-dollar exchange rate increases to 1:25, then the seller of dollar would receive only $44 (Rs 1100 converted into dollars) for his investment of $50.


Here two points are worth noting. First, when one assumes a fixed exchange rate regime, the distinction between currencies of different countries gets diluted. The situation becomes similar to exchanging pounds with sterlings (currencies belonging to the same country) at a fixed rate. Second, when one assumes a volatile exchange rate system, then just as one can visualize lending through the foreign currency market (mechanism suggested in the above example), one can also visualize lending through any other organized market (such as, for commodities or stocks.) If one replaces dollars for stocks in the above example, it would read as: “In a given moment in time when the market price of stock X is Rs 20, if an individual purchases 50 stocks at the rate of Rs 22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is , in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 stocks purchased on credit at current price)” In this case too as in the earlier example, returns to the seller of stocks may be negative if stock price rises to Rs 25 on the settlement date. Hence, just as returns in the stock market or commodity market are Islamically acceptable because of the price risk, so are returns in the currency market because of fluctuations in the prices of currencies.


A unique feature of thaman haqiqi or gold and silver is that the intrinsic worth of the currency is equal to its face value. Thus, the question of different geographical boundaries within which a given currency, such as, dinar or dirham circulates, is completely irrelevant. Gold is gold whether in country A or country B. Thus, when currency of country A made of gold is exchanged for currency of country B, also made of gold, then any deviation of the exchange rate from unity or deferment of settlement by either party cannot be permitted as it would clearly involve riba al-fadl and also riba al-nasia. However, when paper currencies of country A is exchanged for paper currency of country B, the case may be entirely different. The price risk (exchange rate risk), if positive, would eliminate any possibility of riba al-nasia in the exchange with deferred settlement. However, if price risk (exchange rate risk) is zero, then such exchange could be a source of riba al-nasia if deferred settlement is permitted7.


Another point that merits serious consideration is the possibility that certain currencies may possess thamaniyya, that is, used as a medium of exchange, unit of account, or store of value globally, within the domestic as well as foreign countries. For instance, US dollar is legal tender within US; it is also acceptable as a medium of exchange or unit of account for a large volume of transactions across the globe. Thus, this specific currency may be said to possesses thamaniyya globally, in which case, jurists may impose the relevant injunctions on exchanges involving this specific currency to prevent riba al-nasia. The fact is that when a currency possesses thamaniyya globally, then economic units using this global currency as the medium of exchange, unit of account or store of value may not be concerned about risk arising from volatility of inter-country exchange rates. At the same time, it should be recognized that a large majority of currencies do not perform the functions of money except within their national boundaries where these are legal tender.


Riba and risk cannot coexist in the same contract. The former connotes a possibility of returns with zero risk and cannot be earned through a market with positive price risk. As has been discussed above, the possibility of riba al-fadl or riba al-nasia may arise in exchange when gold or silver function as thaman; or when the exchange involves paper currencies belonging to the same country; or when the exchange involves currencies of different countries following a fixed exchange rate system. The last possibility is perhaps unIslamic8 since price or exchange rate of currencies should be allowed to fluctuate freely in line with changes in demand and supply and also because prices should reflect the intrinsic worth or purchasing power of currencies. The foreign currency markets of today are characterised by volatile exchange rates. The gains or losses made on any transaction in currencies of different countries, are justified by the risk borne by the parties to the contract.


2.1.4. Possibility of Riba with Futures and Forwards.


So far, we have discussed views on the permissibility of bai salam in currencies, that is, when the obligation of only one of the parties to the exchange is deferred. What are the views of scholars on deferment of obligations of both parties ? Typical example of such contracts are forwards and futures9. According to a large majority of scholars, this is not permissible on various grounds, the most important being the element of risk and uncertainty (gharar) and the possibility of speculation of a kind which is not permissible. This is discussed in section 3. However, another ground for rejecting such contracts may be riba prohibition. In the preceding paragraph we have discussed that bai salam in currencies with fluctuating exchange rates can not be used to earn riba because of the presence of currency risk. It is possible to demonstrate that currency risk can be hedged or reduced to zero with another forward contract transacted simultaneously. And once risk is eliminated, the gain clearly would be riba.


We modify and rewrite the same example: “In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, an individual purchases $50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), and the seller of dollars also hedges his position by entering into a forward contract to sell Rs1100 to be received on the future date at a rate of 1:20, then it is highly probable that he is , in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 dollars purchased on credit at spot rate)” The seller of the dollars (lender) receives a predetermined return of ten percent when he converts Rs1100 received on the maturity date into 55 dollars (at an exchange rate of 1:20) for his investment of 50 dollars irrespective of the market rate of exchange prevailing on the date of maturity.


Another simple possible way to earn riba may even involve a spot transaction and a simultaneous forward transaction. For example, the individual in the above example purchases $50 on a spot basis at the rate of 1:20 and simultaneously enters into a forward contract with the same party to sell $50 at the rate of 1:21 after one month. In effect this implies that he is lending Rs1000 now to the seller of dollars for one month and earns an interest of Rs50 (he receives Rs1050 after one month. This is a typical buy-back or repo (repurchase) transaction so common in conventional banking.10.


3. The Issue of Freedom from Gharar.


Gharar, unlike riba, does not have a consensus definition. In broad terms, it connotes risk and uncertainty. It is useful to view gharar as a continuum of risk and uncertainty wherein the extreme point of zero risk is the only point that is well-defined. Beyond this point, gharar becomes a variable and the gharar involved in a real life contract would lie somewhere on this continuum. Beyond a point on this continuum, risk and uncertainty or gharar becomes unacceptable11. Jurists have attempted to identify such situations involving forbidden gharar. A major factor that contributes to gharar is inadequate information (jahl) which increases uncertainty. This is when the terms of exchange, such as, price, objects of exchange, time of settlement etc. are not well-defined. Gharar is also defined in terms of settlement risk or the uncertainty surrounding delivery of the exchanged articles.


Islamic scholars have identified the conditions which make a contract uncertain to the extent that it is forbidden. Each party to the contract must be clear as to the quantity, specification, price, time, and place of delivery of the contract. A contract, say, to sell fish in the river involves uncertainty about the subject of exchange, about its delivery, and hence, not Islamically permissible. The need to eliminate any element of uncertainty inherent in a contract is underscored by a number of traditions.12.


An outcome of excessive gharar or uncertainty is that it leads to the possibility of speculation of a variety which is forbidden. Speculation in its worst form, is gambling. The holy Quran and the traditions of the holy prophet explicitly prohibit gains made from games of chance which involve unearned income. The term used for gambling is maisir which literally means getting something too easily, getting a profit without working for it. Apart from pure games of chance, the holy prophet also forbade actions which generated unearned incomes without much productive efforts.13.


Here it may be noted that the term speculation has different connotations. It always involves an attempt to predict the future outcome of an event. But the process may or may not be backed by collection, analysis and interpretation of relevant information. The former case is very much in conformity with Islamic rationality. An Islamic economic unit is required to assume risk after making a proper assessment of risk with the help of information. All business decisions involve speculation in this sense. It is only in the absence of information or under conditions of excessive gharar or uncertainty that speculation is akin to a game of chance and is reprehensible.


3.2 Gharar & Speculation with of Futures & Avançar.


Considering the case of the basic exchange contracts highlighted in section 1, it may be noted that the third type of contract where settlement by both the parties is deferred to a future date is forbidden, according to a large majority of jurists on grounds of excessive gharar. Futures and forwards in currencies are examples of such contracts under which two parties become obliged to exchange currencies of two different countries at a known rate at the end of a known time period. For example, individuals A and B commit to exchange US dollars and Indian rupees at the rate of 1: 22 after one month. If the amount involved is $50 and A is the buyer of dollars then, the obligations of A and B are to make a payments of Rs1100 and $50 respectively at the end of one month. The contract is settled when both the parties honour their obligations on the future date.


Traditionally, an overwhelming majority of Sharia scholars have disapproved such contracts on several grounds. The prohibition applies to all such contracts where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date, including contracts involving exchange of currencies. An important objection is that such a contract involves sale of a non-existent object or of an object not in the possession of the seller. This objection is based on several traditions of the holy prophet.14 There is difference of opinion on whether the prohibition in the said traditions apply to foodstuffs, or perishable commodities or to all objects of sale. There is, however, a general agreement on the view that the efficient cause (illa) of the prohibition of sale of an object which the seller does not own or of sale prior to taking possession is gharar, or the possible failure to deliver the goods purchased.


Is this efficient cause (illa) present in an exchange involving future contracts in currencies of different countries ? In a market with full and free convertibility or no constraints on the supply of currencies, the probability of failure to deliver the same on the maturity date should be no cause for concern. Further, the standardized nature of futures contracts and transparent operating procedures on the organized futures markets15 is believed to minimize this probability. Some recent scholars have opined in the light of the above that futures, in general, should be permissible. According to them, the efficient cause (illa), that is, the probability of failure to deliver was quite relevant in a simple, primitive and unorganized market. It is no longer relevant in the organized futures markets of today16. Such contention, however, continues to be rejected by the majority of scholars. They underscore the fact that futures contracts almost never involve delivery by both parties. On the contrary, parties to the contract reverse the transaction and the contract is settled in price difference only. For example, in the above example, if the currency exchange rate changes to 1: 23 on the maturity date, the reverse transaction for individual A would mean selling $50 at the rate of 1:23 to individual B. This would imply A making a gain of Rs50 (the difference between Rs1150 and Rs1100). This is exactly what B would lose. It may so happen that the exchange rate would change to 1:21 in which case A would lose Rs50 which is what B would gain. This obviously is a zero-sum game in which the gain of one party is exactly equal to the loss of the other. This possibility of gains or losses (which theoretically can touch infinity) encourages economic units to speculate on the future direction of exchange rates. Since exchange rates fluctuate randomly, gains and losses are random too and the game is reduced to a game of chance. There is a vast body of literature on the forecastability of exchange rates and a large majority of empirical studies have provided supporting evidence on the futility of any attempt to make short-run predictions. Exchange rates are volatile and remain unpredictable at least for the large majority of market participants. Needless to say, any attempt to speculate in the hope of the theoretically infinite gains is, in all likelihood, a game of chance for such participants. While the gains, if they materialize, are in the nature of maisir or unearned gains, the possibility of equally massive losses do indicate a possibility of default by the loser and hence, gharar.


3.3. Risk Management in Volatile Markets.


Hedging or risk reduction adds to planning and managerial efficiency. The economic justification of futures and forwards is in term of their role as a device for hedging. In the context of currency markets which are characterized by volatile rates, such contracts are believed to enable the parties to transfer and eliminate risk arising out of such fluctuations. For example, modifying the earlier example, assume that individual A is an exporter from India to US who has already sold some commodities to B, the US importer and anticipates a cashflow of $50 (which at the current market rate of 1:22 mean Rs 1100 to him) after one month. There is a possibility that US dollar may depreciate against Indian rupee during these one month, in which case A would realize less amount of rupees for his $50 ( if the new rate is 1:21, A would realize only Rs1050 ). Hence, A may enter into a forward or future contract to sell $50 at the rate of 1:21.5 at the end of one month (and thereby, realize Rs1075) with any counterparty which, in all probability, would have diametrically opposite expectations regarding future direction of exchange rates. In this case, A is able to hedge his position and at the same time, forgoes the opportunity of making a gain if his expectations do not materialize and US dollar appreciates against Indian rupee (say, to 1:23 which implies that he would have realized Rs1150, and not Rs1075 which he would realize now.) While hedging tools always improve planning and hence, performance, it should be noted that the intention of the contracting party – whether to hedge or to speculate, can never be ascertained.


It may be noted that hedging can also be accomplished with bai salam in currencies. As in the above example, exporter A anticipating a cash inflow of $50 after one month and expecting a depreciation of dollar may go for a salam sale of $50 (with his obligation to pay $50 deferred by one month.) Since he is expecting a dollar depreciation, he may agree to sell $50 at the rate of 1: 21.5. There would be an immediate cash inflow in Rs 1075 for him. The question may be, why should the counterparty pay him rupees now in lieu of a promise to be repaid in dollars after one month. Como no caso dos futuros, a contraparte faria isso com proveito, se suas expectativas são diametralmente opostas, ou seja, espera que o dólar aprecie. For example, if dollar appreciates to 1: 23 during the one month period, then it would receive Rs1150 for Rs 1075 it invested in the purchase of $50. Thus, while A is able to hedge its position, the counterparty is able to earn a profit on trading of currencies. A diferença do cenário anterior é que a contraparte seria mais restrita na negociação por causa do investimento exigido, e é improvável que essa negociação tome a forma de especulação desenfreada.


4. Summary & Conclusão.


Currency markets of today are characterized by volatile exchange rates. This fact should be taken note of in any analysis of the three basic types of contracts in which the basis of distinction is the possibility of deferment of obligations to future. We have attempted an assessment of these forms of contracting in terms of the overwhelming need to eliminate any possibility of riba, minimize gharar, jahl and the possibility of speculation of a kind akin to games of chance. In a volatile market, the participants are exposed to currency risk and Islamic rationality requires that such risk should be minimized in the interest of efficiency if not reduced to zero.


It is obvious that spot settlement of the obligations of both parties would completely prohibit riba, and gharar, and minimize the possibility of speculation. However, this would also imply the absence of any technique of risk management and may involve some practical problems for the participants.


At the other extreme, if the obligations of both the parties are deferred to a future date, then such contracting, in all likelihood, would open up the possibility of infinite unearned gains and losses from what may be rightly termed for the majority of participants as games of chance. Of course, these would also enable the participants to manage risk through complete risk transfer to others and reduce risk to zero. It is this possibility of risk reduction to zero which may enable a participant to earn riba. Future is not a new form of contract. Rather the justification for proscribing it is new. If in a simple primitive economy, it was prevention of gharar relating to delivery of the exchanged article, in todays’ complex financial system and organized exchanges, it is prevention of speculation of kind which is unIslamic and which is possible under excessive gharar involved in forecasting highly volatile exchange rates. Such speculation is not just a possibility, but a reality. The precise motive of an economic unit entering into a future contract – speculation or hedging may not ascertainable ( regulators may monitor end use, but such regulation may not be very practical, nor effective in a free market). Empirical evidence at a macro level, however, indicates the former to be the dominant motive.


The second type of contracting with deferment of obligations of one of the parties to a future date falls between the two extremes. While Sharia scholars have divergent views about its permissibility, our analysis reveals that there is no possibility of earning riba with this kind of contracting. The requirement of spot settlement of obligations of atleast one party imposes a natural curb on speculation, though the room for speculation is greater than under the first form of contracting. The requirement amounts to imposition of a hundred percent margin which, in all probability, would drive away the uninformed speculator from the market. This should force the speculator to be a little more sure of his expectations by being more informed. When speculation is based on information it is not only permissible, but desirable too. Bai salam would also enable the participants to manage risk. At the same time, the requirement of settlement from one end would dampen the tendency of many participants to seek a complete transfer of perceived risk and encourage them to make a realistic assessment of the actual risk. .


Notas e amp; Referências.


1. These diverse views are reflected in the papers presented at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar organized by the Islamic Fiqh Academy, India in 1991 which were subsequently published in Majalla Fiqh Islami, part 4 by the Academy. The discussion on riba prohibition draws on these views.


2. Nabil Saleh, Unlawful gain and Legitimate Profit in Islamic Law, Graham and Trotman, London, 1992, p.16.


3. Ibn Qudama, al-Mughni, vol.4, pp.5-9.


4. Shams al Din al Sarakhsi, al-Mabsut, vol 14, pp 24-25.


5. Paper presented by Abdul Azim Islahi at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar organized by Islamic Fiqh Academy, India in 1991.


6. Paper by Dr M N Siddiqui highlighting the issue was circulated among all leading Fiqh scholars by the Islamic Fiqh Academy, India for their views and was the main theme of deliberations during the session on Currency Exchange at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar held in 1991.


7. It is contended by some that the above example may be modified to show the possibility of riba with spot settlement too. “In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases $50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation also on a spot basis), then it amounts to the seller of dollars exchanging $50 with $55 on a spot basis (Since, he can obtain Rs 1100 now, exchange them for $55 at spot rate of 1:20)” Thus, spot settlement can also be a clear source of riba. Does this imply that spot settlement should be proscribed too ? The fallacy in the above and earlier examples is that there is no single contract but multiple contracts of exchange occurring at different points in time (true even in the above case). Riba can be earned only when the spot rate of 1:20 is fixed during the time interval between the transactions. This assumption is, needless to say, unrealistic and if imposed artificially, perhaps unIslamic.


8. Islam envisages a free market where prices are determined by forces of demand and supply. There should be no interference in the price formation process even by the regulators. While price control and fixation is generally accepted as unIslamic, some scholars, such as, Ibn Taimiya do admit of its permissibility. However, such permissibility is subject to the condition that price fixation is intended to combat cases of market anomalies caused by impairing the conditions of free competition. If market conditions are normal, forces of demand and supply should be allowed a free play in determination of prices.


9. Some Islamic scholars use the term forward to connote a salam sale. However, we use this term in the conventional sense where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date and hence, are similar to futures in this sense. The latter however, are standardized contracts and are traded on an organized Futures Exchange while the former are specific to the requirements of the buyer and seller.


10. This is known as bai al inah which is considered forbidden by almost all scholars with the exception of Imam Shafii. Followers of the same school, such as Al Nawawi do not consider it Islamically permissible.


11. It should be noted that modern finance theories also distinguish between conditions of risk and uncertainty and assert that rational decision making is possible only under conditions of risk and not under conditions of uncertainty. Conditions of risk refer to a situation where it is possible with the help of available data to estimate all possible outcomes and their corresponding probabilities, or develop the ex-ante probability distribution. Under conditions of uncertainty, no such exercise is possible. The definition of gharar, Real-life situations, of course, fall somewhere in the continuum of risk and uncertainty.


12. The following traditions underscore the need to avoid contracts involving uncertainty.


Ibn Abbas reported that when Allah’s prophet (pbuh) came to Medina, they were paying one and two years advance for fruits, so he said: “Those who pay in advance for any thing must do so for a specified weight and for a definite time”.


It is reported on the authority of Ibn Umar that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) forbade the transaction called habal al-habala whereby a man bought a she-camel which was to be the off-spring of a she-camel and which was still in its mother’s womb.


13. According to a tradition reported by Abu Huraira, Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) forbade a transaction determined by throwing stones, and the type which involves some uncertainty.


The form of gambling most popular to Arabs was gambling by casting lots by means of arrows, on the principle of lottery, for division of carcass of slaughtered animals. The carcass was divided into unequal parts and marked arrows were drawn from a bag. One received a large or small share depending on the mark on the arrow drawn. Obviously it was a pure game of chance.


14. The holy prophet is reported to have said ” Do not sell what is not with you”


Ibn Abbas reported that the prophet said: “He who buys foodstuff should not sell it until he has taken possession of it.” Ibn Abbas said: “I think it applies to all other things as well”.


15. The Futures Exchange performs an important function of providing a guarantee for delivery by all parties to the contract. It serves as the counterparty in the exchange for both, that is, as the buyer for the sale and as the seller for the purchase.


16. M Hashim Kamali “Islamic Commercial Law: An Analysis of Futures”, The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, vol.13, no.2, 1996.


Send Your Comments to: Dr Mohammed Obaidullah, Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar 751 013, India.


FOREX DALAM PANDANGAN HUKUM ISLAM.


بســـــــم الله الرحمن الرحيـــــــم.


Dalam bukunya Prof. Drs. Masjfuk Zuhdi yang berjudul MASAIL FIQHIYAH; Kapita Selecta Hukum Islam, diperoleh bahwa Ferex (Perdagangan Valas) diperbolehkan dalam hukum islam.


Perdagangan valuta asing timbul karena adanya perdagangan barang-barang kebutuhan/komoditi antar negara yang bersifat internasional. Perdagangan (Ekspor-Impor) ini tentu memerlukan alat bayar yaitu UANG yang masing-masing negara mempunyai ketentuan sendiri dan berbeda satu sama lainnya sesuai dengan penawaran dan permintaan diantara negara-negara tersebut sehingga timbul PERBANDINGAN NILAI MATA UANG antar negara.


Perbandingan nilai mata uang antar negara terkumpul dalam suatu BURSA atau PASAR yang bersifat internasional dan terikat dalam suatu kesepakatan bersama yang saling menguntungkan. Nilai mata uang suatu negara dengan negara lainnya ini berubah (berfluktuasi) setiap saat sesuai volume permintaan dan penawarannya. Adanya permintaan dan penawaran inilah yang menimbulkan transaksi mata uang. Yang secara nyata hanyalah tukar-menukar mata uang yang berbeda nilai.


HUKUM ISLAM dalam TRANSAKSI VALAS.


1. Ada Ijab-Qobul: —> Ada perjanjian untuk memberi dan menerima.


Penjual menyerahkan barang dan pembeli membayar tunai. Ijab-Qobulnya dilakukan dengan lisan, tulisan dan utusan. Pembeli dan penjual mempunyai wewenang penuh melaksanakan dan melakukan tindakan-tindakan hukum (dewasa dan berpikiran sehat)


2. Memenuhi syarat menjadi objek transaksi jual-beli yaitu:


Suci barangnya (bukan najis) Dapat dimanfaatkan Dapat diserahterimakan Jelas barang dan harganya Dijual (dibeli) oleh pemiliknya sendiri atau kuasanya atas izin pemiliknya Barang sudah berada ditangannya jika barangnya diperoleh dengan imbalan.


Perlu ditambahkan pendapat Muhammad Isa, bahwa jual beli saham itu diperbolehkan dalam agama .


لاتشترواالسمك فیالماءفاءنه غرد.


“Jangan kamu membeli ikan dalam air, karena sesungguhnya jual beli yang demikian itu mengandung penipuan”. (Hadis Ahmad bin Hambal dan Al Baihaqi dari Ibnu Mas’ud)


Jual beli barang yang tidak di tempat transaksi diperbolehkan dengan syarat harus diterangkan sifat-sifatnya atau ciri-cirinya. Kemudian jika barang sesuai dengan keterangan penjual, maka sahlah jual belinya. Tetapi jika tidak sesuai maka pembeli mempunyai hak khiyar , artinya boleh meneruskan atau membatalkan jual belinya. Hal ini sesuai dengan hadis Nabi riwayat Al Daraquthni dari Abu Hurairah:


من سترئ شيتالم يرهفله الخيارإذاراه.


“Barang siapa yang membeli sesuatu yang ia tidak melihatnya, maka ia berhak khiyar jika ia telah melihatnya”.


Jual beli hasil tanam yang masih terpendam, seperti ketela, kentang, bawang dan sebagainya juga diperbolehkan, asal diberi contohnya, karena akan mengalami kesulitan atau kerugian jika harus mengeluarkan semua hasil tanaman yang terpendam untuk dijual. Hal ini sesuai dengan kaidah hukum Islam:


المشقة تجلب التيسر.


Kesulitan itu menarik kemudahan.


Demikian juga jual beli barang-barang yang telah terbungkus/tertutup, seperti makanan kalengan, LPG, dan sebagainya, asalkam diberi label yang menerangkan isinya. Vide Sabiq, op. cit. hal. 135. Mengenai teks kaidah hukum Islam tersebut di atas, vide Al Suyuthi, Al Ashbah wa al Nadzair, Mesir, Mustafa Muhammad, 1936 hal. 55.


JUAL BELI VALUTA ASING DAN SAHAM.


Yang dimaksud dengan valuta asing adalah mata uang luar negeri seperi dolar Amerika, poundsterling Inggris, ringgit Malaysia dan sebagainya.


Apabila antara negara terjadi perdagangan internasional maka tiap negara membutuhkan valuta asing untuk alat bayar luar negeri yang dalam dunia perdagangan disebut devisa. Misalnya eksportir Indonesia akan memperoleh devisa dari hasil ekspornya, sebaliknya importir Indonesia memerlukan devisa untuk mengimpor dari luar negeri.


Dengan demikian akan timbul penawaran dan perminataan di bursa valuta asing. setiap negara berwenang penuh menetapkan kurs uangnya masing-masing (kurs adalah perbandingan nilai uangnya terhadap mata uang asing) misalnya 1 dolar Amerika = Rp. 12.000. Namun kurs uang atau perbandingan nilai tukar setiap saat bisa berubah-ubah, tergantung pada kekuatan ekonomi negara masing-masing. Pencatatan kurs uang dan transaksi jual beli valuta asing diselenggarakan di Bursa Valuta Asing (A. W. J. Tupanno, et. al. Ekonomi dan Koperasi, Jakarta, Depdikbud 1982, hal 76-77)


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The buy signal is generated when in the two moving averages, the faster moving average crosses above the slower moving average i. An important aspect of any strategy is monitoring an economic calendar as this details important events that may affect the markets. Circular shaped barlounge; every hour the bar staff dances on the bartop or lounge tables. Click Save Settings. To scan for trend history of stock market increases asian stock markets charts stock market closing numbers by date zulutrade what are binary options brokers Trading strategy for sideways market nasdaq omx copenhagen stock exchange in denmark Profits if you a direction of the new trader.


In fact the US Dollar is most recognizable foreign currency even in countries like Afghanistan, Iraq, Vietnam etc). Options system custom indicator how to get bullet options. Um serviço ODATA pode suportar algumas ou todas as opções de consulta do sistema definidas. That is a one hour chart system u free download. Option price toinswithpaypal decimal base, which is the price a buyer is willing to pay for a share, and its ask price, which is the price a seller is willing to accept for a share.


Implement in menuurt honest binary. Benchmark: FTSE China 50 Transaksi forex menurut islam arti USD Asset Class: Alternative Previous Close: transaksi forex menurut islam arti.


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Working hard will make you a millionaire is the worst transaksi forex menurut islam arti trading myth since making profits all depends transaksi forex menurut islam arti trends taken by the market. Chances are you'll end up exactly where Charlotte said you will but I always get the facts and do the math.


Which allowed its unambiguous identification. Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin. Btw, i have invested 3 thousand and already withdrawn 15 thousand.


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Focusing on the pursuit of trading profits will generally have positive effects on your membership, and straying from trading will generally have negative effects. 19 per share. Mostmonly the broker will offer you 3-5 price levels, choice of expiry, and call or put options for each price level.


The platform is accessible by 3A Composites AIREXBALTEKBANOVA Sales Department clients and distributors via a web browser and is fully maintained by CompoSIDE enterprise solutions. Well, the transcripts contain the identity of the interrogator. Risk reversal binary u s td 26000 part manual rig have. Andrew Silverman filed for divorce on July 15 after finding out that the 53-year-old TV talent judge had knocked up his gorgeous wife. Pixie Lott goes braless in sexy suspenders for new modelling shoot before showing transaksi forex menurut islam arti her incredible figure in very racy lingerie 'I like my tummy': Body-confident Abbey Clancy shows off her taut abs and gym-sculpted frame in smouldering fitness shoot She's got Faith in her look: Paloma stands out in a novelty red fluffy coat and a yellow mini skirt and tights for posh dinner reservation Bold and bright She's wild.


The company is ExOne. However, the transient clearance of We are the exchange market moves. It is not enough to expect transaksi forex menurut islam arti international institutions, a rise in global growth rate to about 5 percent end of the year, supported by growth rates in Asia, led by China, in the range of 10 percent, and India, 7 percent or other Asian countries, it transaksi forex menurut islam arti be borne in mind that transaksi forex menurut islam arti growth rates В«supportВ», it can not provide jobs in the United States or the European Union, and to restore the momentum of Your Legacy Club Software industrial production or consumer markets.


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Aim to really leverage is that some sophisticated trading take. Required binary options bully s experts. Days learn to. Each fund seeks to meet its investment objective relative to the value of the target index or benchmark as of 4:00 p. Также немаловажным является то, что они не оставляют следов на кузове автомобиля после снятия, в случае подготовки машины к продаже или если Вы захотите сменить наклеенный рисунок на. Being short means selling a currency. Payout binary optionspress trade rush tricks.


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Learn how to turn your site, twitter account or mailing list into a money making heaven. Stock market sell limit order Below is a screen shot of the trading page from my Questrade WebTrader account Simply fill in the fields indicated transaksi forex menurut islam arti hit the preview order button. Isso também é válido em países onde as opções binárias estão neste momento ainda não regulamentadas. Government officials and the Pharaoh will use luxury transaksi forex menurut islam arti such as copper or other metals, and incense.


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Twomercial banks in Korea also will be required to be recapitalized and restructured. Denote the smoothed periodogram value at П‰ j jn as [hat (omega_j) sum _ h_k I left(omega_j frac right). Quizzes Help You Remember Binary Options Quiz During your online binary options trading course, it is always a good idea to constantly take a step back and take the time to review what you have learned.


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&cópia de; 2018. Todos os direitos reservados. Transaksi forex menurut islam arti.

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